a-machine/amach.awk

#!/usr/bin/env awk -f
# A-Machine: an experimental RISC-V (RV32IMAC) emulator in POSIX AWK
# with a very small subset of supported ECALLs
# Accepts a headerless binary previously converted to .dec format
# e.g. with POSIX od: od -An -v -tu1 program.bin > program.dec
# Usage: awk -f amach.awk [-v LVA=...] -- prog.dec
# Or run a .bin directly with:
# od -An -v -tu1 program.bin | awk -f amach.awk [-v LVA=...] 
# Created by Luxferre in 2026, released into the public domain

# fatal error reporting function
function trapout(msg,   fd) {
  for(fd in FD_PATH) if(FD_DIRTY[fd]) write_fd_to_file(fd)
  cmd = "cat 1>&2"
  printf("Fatal: %s\n", msg) | cmd
  close(cmd)
  exit(1)
}

# helper functions

function uint32(val) {
  val = int(val) % 4294967296
  return (val < 0) ? (val + 4294967296) : val
}

function setreg(idx, val) {
  if(idx > 0) {
    val = uint32(val)
    REG[idx] = (val >= 2147483648) ? (val - 4294967296) : val
  }
}

function getreg(idx) {return (idx == 0) ? 0 : int(REG[idx])}

function imm_sign_ex(val) {val = int(val); return (val >= 2048) ? (val - 4096) : val}
function imm_sign_ex_b(val) {val = int(val); return (val >= 4096) ? (val - 8192) : val}

function floor(x,  i) {
  i = int(x)
  return (x >= 0 || x == i) ? i : (i - 1)
}

function ord(c, b) {
  if(!TGL_ORD["#"]) for(b=0;b<256;b++) TGL_ORD[sprintf("%c", b)] = b
  return int(TGL_ORD[c])
}

function bw_op(a, b, op,  v, r) {
  v = 1; r = 0; a = uint32(a); b = uint32(b)
  while(a > 0 || b > 0) {
    if(op == "&" && (a%2) == 1 && (b%2) == 1) r += v
    else if(op == "|" && ((a%2) == 1 || (b%2) == 1)) r += v
    else if(op == "^" && (a%2) != (b%2)) r += v
    a = int(a/2); b = int(b/2); v *= 2
  }
  return int(r)
}

function bw_and(a, b) {return bw_op(a, b, "&")}
function bw_or(a, b) {return bw_op(a, b, "|")}
function bw_xor(a, b) {return bw_op(a, b, "^")}

function read_mem(addr, bytes, signed,  i, val, max_val) {
  addr = uint32(addr)
  val = 0
  for(i=0; i<bytes; i++) val += MEM[(addr+i)%4294967296] * (256^i)
  if(signed) {
    max_val = 256^bytes
    if(val >= max_val/2) val -= max_val
  }
  return val
}

function write_mem(addr, val, bytes,  i) {
  addr = uint32(addr)
  val = uint32(val)
  for(i=0; i<bytes; i++) MEM[(addr+i)%4294967296] = int(val / (256^i)) % 256
}

function read_word(addr) {return read_mem(addr, 4, 1)}
function write_word(addr, val) {write_mem(addr, val, 4)}

# Escapes single quotes for shell command safety
function qquote(str) {
  gsub(/'/, "'\\''", str)
  return "'" str "'"
}

# Converts hex string to decimal
function hex_to_dec(hex,   dec, i, len, c, val) {
  dec = 0
  len = length(hex)
  for(i = 1; i <= len; i++) {
    c = tolower(substr(hex, i, 1))
    if(c ~ /[0-9]/) val = int(c)
    else if(c == "a") val = 10
    else if(c == "b") val = 11
    else if(c == "c") val = 12
    else if(c == "d") val = 13
    else if(c == "e") val = 14
    else if(c == "f") val = 15
    else continue
    dec = dec * 16 + val
  }
  return dec
}

# Reads a null-terminated string from memory
function read_str(addr,   c, s) {
  s = ""
  addr = uint32(addr)
  while((c = MEM[addr++]) != 0) s = s sprintf("%c", c)
  return s
}

# Checks if path exists using POSIX test -e or test -L
function path_exists(path) {
  return (system("test -e " qquote(path)) == 0 || system("test -L " qquote(path)) == 0)
}

# Checks if path is a directory using POSIX test -d
function is_dir(path) {return (system("test -d " qquote(path)) == 0)}

# Resolves relative path against dfd directory
function resolve_path(dfd, pathname,   path) {
  if(substr(pathname, 1, 1) == "/") return pathname
  if(dfd == -100) return pathname
  if(dfd in FD_PATH) return FD_PATH[dfd] "/" pathname
  return pathname
}

# Populate timespec structure
# TV_SEC: 64-bit for clock_gettime64, 32-bit for clock_gettime
function get_system_time(time_arr,   cmd, line) {
  cmd = "date +%s%N"
  if((cmd | getline line) > 0) {
    if(length(line) > 9 && line ~ /^[0-9]+$/) {
      time_arr["sec"] = int(substr(line, 1, length(line) - 9))
      time_arr["nsec"] = int(substr(line, length(line) - 8))
      close(cmd)
      return
    }
  }
  close(cmd)
  
  # Fallback if %N is not supported
  cmd = "date +%s"
  if((cmd | getline line) > 0) {
    time_arr["sec"] = int(line)
  } else time_arr["sec"] = 0
  close(cmd)
  if(time_arr["sec"] == LAST_SEC) {
    VIRT_NSEC += 500000
    if(VIRT_NSEC >= 1000000000) {
      VIRT_NSEC = 999999999
    }
  } else {
    LAST_SEC = time_arr["sec"]
    VIRT_NSEC = 0
  }
  time_arr["nsec"] = VIRT_NSEC
}

# Fills stat structure in VM memory
function fill_stat_struct(path, addr, follow,   cmd, line, parts, opt, mode_hex, mode_dec, size, atime, mtime, ctime, i) {
  opt = follow ? "-L " : ""
  cmd = "stat " opt "-c \"%f %s %X %Y %Z\" " qquote(path)
  if((cmd | getline line) > 0) {
    split(line, parts)
    mode_hex = parts[1]
    mode_dec = hex_to_dec(mode_hex)
    size = int(parts[2])
    atime = int(parts[3])
    mtime = int(parts[4])
    ctime = int(parts[5])
    close(cmd)
    
    for(i = 0; i < 104; i++) MEM[addr + i] = 0
    
    write_mem(addr + 0, 1, 8)
    write_mem(addr + 8, 1, 8)
    write_mem(addr + 16, mode_dec, 4)
    write_mem(addr + 20, 1, 4)
    write_mem(addr + 24, 1000, 4)
    write_mem(addr + 28, 1000, 4)
    write_mem(addr + 32, 0, 8)
    write_mem(addr + 48, size, 8)
    write_mem(addr + 56, 4096, 4)
    write_mem(addr + 64, int((size + 511) / 512), 8)
    write_mem(addr + 72, atime, 4)
    write_mem(addr + 80, mtime, 4)
    write_mem(addr + 88, ctime, 4)
    
    return 0
  } else {
    close(cmd)
    return -2
  }
}

# Writes file descriptor cached data back to file
function write_fd_to_file(fd,   path, chunk, i, size) {
  path = FD_PATH[fd]
  size = FD_SIZE[fd]
  printf("") > path
  close(path)
  chunk = ""
  for(i = 0; i < size; i++) {
    chunk = chunk sprintf("%c", FD_DATA[fd, i])
    if(length(chunk) >= 1024) {
      printf("%s", chunk) >> path
      chunk = ""
    }
  }
  if(length(chunk) > 0) printf("%s", chunk) >> path
  close(path)
}

function amach_exit(code,   fd) {
  for(fd in FD_PATH) if(FD_DIRTY[fd]) write_fd_to_file(fd)
  exit(code)
}

# syscall emulation

function handle_ecall(callnum, a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5,  i, reclen, cmd, line, arr) {
  if(callnum == 34) { # sys_mkdirat
    a1 = resolve_path(a0, read_str(a1))
    if(path_exists(a1)) setreg(10, -17) # -EEXIST
    else setreg(10, (system("mkdir " qquote(a1)) == 0) ? 0 : -2)
  } else if(callnum == 35) { # sys_unlinkat
    a1 = resolve_path(a0, read_str(a1))
    if(!path_exists(a1)) setreg(10, -2) # -ENOENT
    else {
      a2 = bw_and(a2, 512) ? "rmdir " : "rm "
      setreg(10, (system(a2 qquote(a1)) == 0) ? 0 : -1)
    }    
  } else if(callnum == 38 || callnum == 276) { # sys_renameat / sys_renameat2
    a1 = resolve_path(a0, read_str(a1))
    a3 = resolve_path(a2, read_str(a3))
    setreg(10, (system("mv " qquote(a1) " " qquote(a3)) == 0) ? 0 : -1)
  } else if(callnum == 56) { # sys_openat
    a1 = resolve_path(a0, read_str(a1))
    if(bw_and(a2, 64)) { # O_CREAT (0x40)
      if(bw_and(a2, 128) && path_exists(a1)) { # O_EXCL (0x80)
        setreg(10, -17) # -EEXIST
        return
      }
      if(!path_exists(a1)) {
        printf("") > a1
        close(a1)
      }
    } else if(!path_exists(a1)) {
      setreg(10, -2) # -ENOENT
      return
    }
    a3 = NEXT_FD++
    FD_PATH[a3] = a1
    FD_FLAGS[a3] = a2
    FD_OFFSET[a3] = 0
    FD_SIZE[a3] = 0
    FD_DIRTY[a3] = 0
    if(is_dir(a1)) {
      cmd = "ls -a1 " qquote(a1)
      a4 = 0
      while((cmd | getline line) > 0)
        if(line != "") FD_DIRENTS[a3, a4++] = line
      close(cmd)
      FD_DIRENT_COUNT[a3] = a4
    } else {
      a4 = bw_and(a2, 3) # access_mode
      a5 = (a4 != 0) && bw_and(a2, 512) # do_trunc
      if(a4 != 1 && !a5) { # is_read && !do_trunc
        cmd = "od -An -v -tu1 " qquote(a1)
        a0 = 0 # reuse a0 for size
        while((cmd | getline line) > 0) {
          split(line, arr)
          for(i = 1; i in arr; i++)
            FD_DATA[a3, a0++] = arr[i]
        }
        close(cmd)
        FD_SIZE[a3] = a0
      } else if(a5) {
        printf("") > a1
        close(a1)
      }
    }
    setreg(10, a3)    
  } else if(callnum == 57) { # sys_close
    if(a0 >= 3 && (a0 in FD_PATH)) {
      if(FD_DIRTY[a0]) write_fd_to_file(a0)
      delete FD_PATH[a0]
      delete FD_FLAGS[a0]
      delete FD_OFFSET[a0]
      delete FD_SIZE[a0]
      delete FD_DIRTY[a0]
      if(a0 in FD_DIRENT_COUNT) {
        for(i = 0; i < FD_DIRENT_COUNT[a0]; i++) delete FD_DIRENTS[a0, i]
        delete FD_DIRENT_COUNT[a0]
      } else for(i = 0; i < FD_SIZE[a0]; i++) delete FD_DATA[a0, i]
      setreg(10, 0)
    } else setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
  } else if(callnum == 61) { # sys_getdents64
    if(!(a0 in FD_DIRENT_COUNT)) setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
    else {
      a3 = 0  # bytes_written
      a4 = FD_OFFSET[a0]  # idx
      while(a4 < FD_DIRENT_COUNT[a0]) {
        a5 = FD_DIRENTS[a0, a4]  # name
        reclen = int((20 + length(a5) + 7) / 8) * 8
        if(a3 + reclen > a2) {  # count_limit
          if(a3 == 0) {
            setreg(10, -22) # -EINVAL
            return
          }
          break
        }
        write_mem(a1 + a3, 1, 8)
        write_mem(a1 + a3 + 8, a4 + 1, 8)
        write_mem(a1 + a3 + 16, reclen, 2)
        write_mem(a1 + a3 + 18, is_dir(FD_PATH[a0] "/" a5) ? 4 : 8, 1) # dtype
        for(i = 0; i < length(a5); i++)
          MEM[a1 + a3 + 19 + i] = ord(substr(a5, i + 1, 1))
        MEM[a1 + a3 + 19 + length(a5)] = 0
        for(i = 19 + length(a5) + 1; i < reclen; i++)
          MEM[a1 + a3 + i] = 0
        a3 += reclen
        a4++
      }
      FD_OFFSET[a0] = a4
      setreg(10, a3)
    }
  } else if(callnum == 62) { # sys_lseek
    if(a0 >= 3 && (a0 in FD_PATH) && !(a0 in FD_DIRENT_COUNT)) {
      if(a2 == 0) {} # SEEK_SET, a1 is unchanged
      else if(a2 == 1) a1 += FD_OFFSET[a0]
      else if(a2 == 2) a1 += FD_SIZE[a0]
      else {
        setreg(10, -22) # -EINVAL
        return
      }
      if(a1 < 0) setreg(10, -22) # -EINVAL
      else {
        FD_OFFSET[a0] = a1
        setreg(10, a1)
      }
    } else setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
  } else if(callnum == 63) { # sys_read
    if(a0 == 0) {
      getline a3 < "/dev/tty"
      a4 = length(a3); if(a4 > a2) a4 = a2
      for(i = 0; i < a4; i++) MEM[uint32(a1 + i)] = ord(substr(a3, i + 1, 1))
      setreg(10, a4)
    } else if(a0 >= 3 && (a0 in FD_PATH) && !(a0 in FD_DIRENT_COUNT)) {
      a3 = FD_OFFSET[a0]  # idx
      a4 = FD_SIZE[a0]    # size
      if(a3 >= a4) setreg(10, 0)
      else {
        if(a3 + a2 > a4) a2 = a4 - a3 # count
        for(i = 0; i < a2; i++)
          MEM[uint32(a1 + i)] = FD_DATA[a0, a3 + i]
        FD_OFFSET[a0] = a3 + a2
        setreg(10, a2)
      }
    } else setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
  } else if(callnum == 64) { # sys_write
    if(a0 == 1 || a0 == 2) {
      for(i = 0; i < a2; i++) printf("%c", MEM[uint32(a1 + i)])
      setreg(10, a2)
    } else if(a0 >= 3 && (a0 in FD_PATH) && !(a0 in FD_DIRENT_COUNT)) {
      a3 = bw_and(FD_FLAGS[a0], 1024) ? FD_SIZE[a0] : FD_OFFSET[a0]  # idx
      for(i = 0; i < a2; i++)
        FD_DATA[a0, a3 + i] = MEM[uint32(a1 + i)]
      FD_OFFSET[a0] = a3 + a2
      if(FD_OFFSET[a0] > FD_SIZE[a0]) FD_SIZE[a0] = FD_OFFSET[a0]
      FD_DIRTY[a0] = 1
      setreg(10, a2)
    } else setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
  } else if(callnum == 78) { # sys_readlinkat
    a0 = resolve_path(a0, read_str(a1))
    a1 = "readlink " qquote(a0)
    if((a1 | getline line) > 0) {
      close(a1)
      a4 = length(line)
      if(a4 > a3) a4 = a3
      for(i = 0; i < a4; i++)
        MEM[uint32(a2 + i)] = ord(substr(line, i + 1, 1))
      setreg(10, a4)
    } else {
      close(a1)
      setreg(10, -22) # -EINVAL
    }
  } else if(callnum == 79) { # sys_newfstatat
    a1 = read_str(a1)
    if(a1 == "" && bw_and(a3, 4096)) { # AT_EMPTY_PATH
      if(a0 == -100) a0 = "."
      else if(a0 in FD_PATH) a0 = FD_PATH[a0]
      else {
        setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
        return
      }
    } else a0 = resolve_path(a0, a1)
    a4 = (bw_and(a3, 256) == 0) # follow link if AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW is NOT set
    setreg(10, fill_stat_struct(a0, a2, a4))
  } else if(callnum == 80) { # sys_fstat
    if(a0 == 0) a0 = "/dev/stdin"
    else if(a0 == 1) a0 = "/dev/stdout"
    else if(a0 == 2) a0 = "/dev/stderr"
    else if(a0 >= 3 && (a0 in FD_PATH)) a0 = FD_PATH[a0]
    else {
      setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
      return
    }
    setreg(10, fill_stat_struct(a0, a1, 1))
  } else if(callnum == 93 || callnum == 94) { # sys_exit / sys_exit_group
    amach_exit(a0)
  } else if(callnum == 113 || callnum == 403) { # sys_clock_gettime / sys_clock_gettime64
    get_system_time(arr)
    if(callnum == 113) {
      write_mem(a1, arr["sec"], 4)
      write_mem(a1 + 4, arr["nsec"], 4)
    } else {
      write_mem(a1, arr["sec"], 8)
      write_mem(a1 + 8, arr["nsec"], 4)
    }
    setreg(10, 0)
  } else if(callnum == 169) { # sys_gettimeofday
    get_system_time(arr)
    write_mem(a0, arr["sec"], 4)
    write_mem(a0 + 4, int(arr["nsec"] / 1000), 4)
    setreg(10, 0)
  } else if(callnum == 278) { # sys_getrandom
    for(i = 0; i < a1; i++)
      MEM[uint32(a0 + i)] = int(rand() * 256)
    setreg(10, a1)
  } else trapout(sprintf("Unimplemented environment call %d at 0x%X", callnum, pc - 4))
}

# instruction type executors

function amach_reg_arith(f3, f7, rd, rs1, rs2,  r1, r2, ur1, ur2, shamt) {
  r1 = getreg(rs1); r2 = getreg(rs2)
  ur1 = uint32(r1); ur2 = uint32(r2)
  shamt = ur2 % 32
  
  if(f3 == 0 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, r1 + r2)
  else if(f3 == 0 && f7 == 32) setreg(rd, r1 - r2)
  else if(f3 == 4 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, bw_xor(r1, r2))
  else if(f3 == 6 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, bw_or(r1, r2))
  else if(f3 == 7 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, bw_and(r1, r2))
  else if(f3 == 1 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, (r1 * (2^shamt)) % 4294967296)
  else if(f3 == 5 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, int(ur1 / (2^shamt)))
  else if(f3 == 5 && f7 == 32) setreg(rd, floor(r1 / (2^shamt)))
  else if(f3 == 2 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, (r1 < r2) ? 1 : 0)
  else if(f3 == 3 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, (ur1 < ur2) ? 1 : 0)
  else if(f3 == 0 && f7 == 1) setreg(rd, (r1 * r2) % 4294967296)
  else if(f3 == 1 && f7 == 1) setreg(rd, floor((r1 * r2) / 4294967296))
  else if(f3 == 2 && f7 == 1) setreg(rd, floor((r1 * ur2) / 4294967296))
  else if(f3 == 3 && f7 == 1) setreg(rd, floor((ur1 * ur2) / 4294967296))
  else if(f3 == 4 && f7 == 1) setreg(rd, (r2 == 0) ? -1 : int(r1 / r2))
  else if(f3 == 5 && f7 == 1) setreg(rd, (r2 == 0) ? 4294967295 : int(ur1 / ur2))
  else if(f3 == 6 && f7 == 1) setreg(rd, (r2 == 0) ? r1 : (r1 % r2))
  else if(f3 == 7 && f7 == 1) setreg(rd, (r2 == 0) ? r1 : (ur1 % ur2))
  else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-4))  
}

function amach_store(f3, rs1, rs2, immval,  r1, r2) {
  r1 = getreg(rs1); r2 = getreg(rs2)
  if(f3 >= 0 && f3 <= 2) write_mem(r1 + immval, r2, 2^f3)
  else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-4))
}

function amach_branch(f3, rs1, rs2, immval,  r1, r2, ur1, ur2, taken) {
  r1 = getreg(rs1); r2 = getreg(rs2)
  ur1 = uint32(r1); ur2 = uint32(r2)
  taken = 0
  if(f3 == 0) taken = (r1 == r2)
  else if(f3 == 1) taken = (r1 != r2)
  else if(f3 == 4) taken = (r1 < r2)
  else if(f3 == 5) taken = (r1 >= r2)
  else if(f3 == 6) taken = (ur1 < ur2)
  else if(f3 == 7) taken = (ur1 >= ur2)
  else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-4))
  pc += (taken ? immval : 4)
}

function amach_imm(opcode, f3, rd, rs1, immval,  r1, ur1, shamt) {
  r1 = getreg(rs1); ur1 = uint32(r1)
  if(opcode == 3) { # load
    if(f3 == 0 || f3 == 1 || f3 == 2 || f3 == 4 || f3 == 5) {
      setreg(rd, read_mem(r1 + immval, 2^(f3 % 4), f3 < 4))
    } else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-4))
  } else if(opcode == 19) { # 0x13, immediate arithmetic
    shamt = bw_and(immval, 31)
    if(f3 == 0) setreg(rd, r1 + immval)
    else if(f3 == 4) setreg(rd, bw_xor(r1, immval))
    else if(f3 == 6) setreg(rd, bw_or(r1, immval))
    else if(f3 == 7) setreg(rd, bw_and(r1, immval))
    else if(f3 == 1) setreg(rd, (r1 * (2^shamt)) % 4294967296) # slli
    else if(f3 == 5 && immval < 1024) setreg(rd, int(ur1 / (2^shamt))) # srli
    else if(f3 == 5 && immval >= 1024) setreg(rd, floor(r1 / (2^shamt))) # srai
    else if(f3 == 2) setreg(rd, (r1 < immval) ? 1 : 0)
    else if(f3 == 3) setreg(rd, (ur1 < immval) ? 1 : 0)
    else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-4))
  } else if(opcode == 103) { # 0x67, JALR
    setreg(rd, pc)
    pc = r1 + immval
  } else if(opcode == 115) { # 0x73, system call / csr
    if(immval == 0) handle_ecall(getreg(17), getreg(10), getreg(11), getreg(12), getreg(13), getreg(14), getreg(15))
    else if(immval == 1) trapout(sprintf("EBREAK at 0x%X", pc-4))
    else trapout(sprintf("Unimplemented external system call at 0x%X", pc-4))
  } else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-4))
}

# A-extension
function amach_atomic(f3, f5, aq, rl, rd, rs1, rs2,  r1, r2, val, uval, ur2) {
  r1 = getreg(rs1); r2 = getreg(rs2)
  ur2 = uint32(r2)
  if(f3 == 2) {
    val = read_word(r1)
    uval = uint32(val)
    if(f5 == 0) { # amoadd.w
      setreg(rd, val)
      write_word(r1, val + r2)
    } else if(f5 == 1) { # amoswap.w
      setreg(rd, val)
      write_word(r1, r2)
    } else if(f5 == 2) { # lr.w
      setreg(rd, val)
      RES_ADDR = r1
    } else if(f5 == 3) { # sc.w
      if(RES_ADDR == r1) {
        write_word(r1, r2)
        setreg(rd, 0)
        RES_ADDR = -1
      } else setreg(rd, 1)
    } else if(f5 == 4) { # amoxor.w
      setreg(rd, val)
      write_word(r1, bw_xor(val, r2))
    } else if(f5 == 8) { # amoor.w
      setreg(rd, val)
      write_word(r1, bw_or(val, r2))
    } else if(f5 == 12) { # amoand.w
      setreg(rd, val)
      write_word(r1, bw_and(val, r2))
    } else if(f5 == 16) { # amomin.w
      setreg(rd, val)
      write_word(r1, val <= r2 ? val : r2)
    } else if(f5 == 20) { # amomax.w
      setreg(rd, val)
      write_word(r1, val >= r2 ? val : r2)
    } else if(f5 == 24) { # amominu.w
      setreg(rd, val)
      write_word(r1, uval <= ur2 ? val : r2)
    } else if(f5 == 28) { # amomaxu.w
      setreg(rd, val)
      write_word(r1, uval >= ur2 ? val : r2)
    } else trapout(sprintf("Unimplemented atomic instruction at 0x%X", pc-4))
  } else trapout(sprintf("Illegal atomic instruction at 0x%X", pc-4))
}

# C-extension (compressed instructions) handler
function amach_comp(instr,  op, f3, b12, r11_7, r9_7, r6_2, r4_2, shamt, imm, base, val) {
  op = instr % 4
  f3 = int(instr / 8192) % 8
  b12 = int(instr / 4096) % 2
  r11_7 = int(instr / 128) % 32
  r9_7 = (r11_7 % 8) + 8
  r6_2 = int(instr / 4) % 32
  r4_2 = (r6_2 % 8) + 8
  shamt = r6_2 + b12 * 32

  if(op == 0) {
    if(f3 == 0) { # C.ADDI4SPN
      imm = (r11_7 % 16) * 64 + (int(r11_7 / 16) + b12 * 2) * 16 + (int(r6_2 / 8) % 2) * 8 + (int(r6_2 / 16) % 2) * 4
      if(imm == 0) trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction C.ADDI4SPN at 0x%X", pc-2))
      setreg(r4_2, getreg(2) + imm)
    } else if(f3 == 2) { # C.LW
      imm = (int(r6_2 / 8) % 2) * 64 + (int(r11_7 / 8) % 4) * 8 + b12 * 32 + (int(r6_2 / 16) % 2) * 4
      setreg(r4_2, read_mem(getreg(r9_7) + imm, 4, 1))
    } else if(f3 == 6) { # C.SW
      imm = (int(r6_2 / 8) % 2) * 64 + (int(r11_7 / 8) % 4) * 8 + b12 * 32 + (int(r6_2 / 16) % 2) * 4
      write_mem(getreg(r9_7) + imm, getreg(r4_2), 4)
    } else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-2))
  } else if(op == 1) {
    if(f3 == 0) { # C.NOP / C.ADDI
      imm = r6_2 + b12 * 32
      if(imm >= 32) imm -= 64
      setreg(r11_7, getreg(r11_7) + imm)
    } else if(f3 == 1 || f3 == 5) { # C.JAL / C.J
      imm = b12 * 2048 + (int(r11_7 / 2) % 2) * 1024 + (int(r11_7 / 4) % 4) * 256 + (int(r6_2 / 16) % 2) * 128 + (r11_7 % 2) * 64 + (r6_2 % 2) * 32 + (int(r11_7 / 16)) * 16 + (int(r6_2 / 2) % 8) * 2
      if(imm >= 2048) imm -= 4096
      if(f3 == 1) setreg(1, pc)
      pc = (pc - 2) + imm
    } else if(f3 == 2) { # C.LI
      imm = r6_2 + b12 * 32
      if(imm >= 32) imm -= 64
      setreg(r11_7, imm)
    } else if(f3 == 3) { # C.ADDI16SP / C.LUI
      if(r11_7 == 2) { # C.ADDI16SP
        imm = b12 * 512 + (int(r6_2 / 2) % 4) * 128 + (int(r6_2 / 8) % 2) * 64 + (r6_2 % 2) * 32 + (int(r6_2 / 16) % 2) * 16
        if(imm >= 512) imm -= 1024
        if(imm == 0) trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction C.ADDI16SP at 0x%X", pc-2))
        setreg(2, getreg(2) + imm)
      } else if(r11_7 != 0) { # C.LUI
        imm = r6_2 + b12 * 32
        if(imm >= 32) imm -= 64
        imm = imm * 4096
        if(imm == 0) trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction C.LUI at 0x%X", pc-2))
        setreg(r11_7, imm)
      }
    } else if(f3 == 4) {
      val = int(r11_7 / 8) % 4
      if(val == 0) { # C.SRLI
        if(shamt >= 32) trapout(sprintf("Illegal shift amount %d at 0x%X", shamt, pc-2))
        imm = getreg(r9_7)
        if(imm < 0) imm += 4294967296
        setreg(r9_7, int(imm / (2^shamt)))
      } else if(val == 1) { # C.SRAI
        if(shamt >= 32) trapout(sprintf("Illegal shift amount %d at 0x%X", shamt, pc-2))
        setreg(r9_7, floor(getreg(r9_7) / (2^shamt)))
      } else if(val == 2) { # C.ANDI
        imm = r6_2 + b12 * 32
        if(imm >= 32) imm -= 64
        setreg(r9_7, bw_and(getreg(r9_7), imm))
      } else if(val == 3) { # C.SUB, C.XOR, C.OR, C.AND
        imm = int(r6_2 / 8) % 4
        if(b12 != 0) trapout(sprintf("Illegal register-register instruction at 0x%X", pc-2))
        if(imm == 0) setreg(r9_7, getreg(r9_7) - getreg(r4_2))
        else if(imm == 1) setreg(r9_7, bw_xor(getreg(r9_7), getreg(r4_2)))
        else if(imm == 2) setreg(r9_7, bw_or(getreg(r9_7), getreg(r4_2)))
        else if(imm == 3) setreg(r9_7, bw_and(getreg(r9_7), getreg(r4_2)))
      }
    } else if(f3 == 6 || f3 == 7) { # C.BEQZ / C.BNEZ
      imm = b12 * 256 + (int(r6_2 / 8) % 4) * 64 + (r6_2 % 2) * 32 + (int(r11_7 / 8) % 4) * 8 + (int(r6_2 / 2) % 4) * 2
      if(imm >= 256) imm -= 512
      val = (f3 == 6) ? (getreg(r9_7) == 0) : (getreg(r9_7) != 0)
      pc = val ? (pc - 2) + imm : pc
    }
  } else if(op == 2) {
    if(f3 == 0) { # C.SLLI
      if(shamt >= 32) trapout(sprintf("Illegal shift amount %d at 0x%X", shamt, pc-2))
      if(r11_7 != 0) {
        setreg(r11_7, (getreg(r11_7) * (2^shamt)) % 4294967296)
      }
    } else if(f3 == 2) { # C.LWSP
      if(r11_7 == 0) trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction C.LWSP with rd=0 at 0x%X", pc-2))
      imm = (r6_2 % 4) * 64 + b12 * 32 + (int(r6_2 / 4) % 8) * 4
      setreg(r11_7, read_mem(getreg(2) + imm, 4, 1))
    } else if(f3 == 4) { # C.JR, C.MV, C.JALR, C.ADD
      if(b12 == 0) {
        if(r6_2 == 0) { # C.JR
          if(r11_7 == 0) trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction C.JR with rs1=0 at 0x%X", pc-2))
          pc = getreg(r11_7)
        } else setreg(r11_7, getreg(r6_2)) # C.MV
      } else {
        if(r6_2 == 0) {
          if(r11_7 == 0) trapout(sprintf("EBREAK at 0x%X", pc-2)) # C.EBREAK
          else { # C.JALR
            imm = getreg(r11_7)
            setreg(1, pc)
            pc = imm
          }
        } else setreg(r11_7, getreg(r11_7) + getreg(r6_2)) # C.ADD
      }
    } else if(f3 == 6) { # C.SWSP
      imm = (r11_7 % 4) * 64 + int(r11_7 / 4) * 4 + b12 * 32
      write_mem(getreg(2) + imm, getreg(r6_2), 4)
    } else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-2))
  } else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-2))
}

# main instruction decoding and execution routine
function amach_exec(instr,  opcode, rd, rs1, rs2, imm, funct3, funct7) {
  if((instr % 4) != 3) {
    amach_comp(instr)
    return
  }
  opcode = instr % 128
  instr = int(instr / 128)
  rd = instr % 32
  imm = int(instr / 32)
  funct3 = imm % 8
  rs1 = int(imm / 8) % 32
  rs2 = int(imm / 256) % 32
  funct7 = int(imm / 8192)
  
  if(opcode == 51) { # 0x33, register arithmetic, type R
    amach_reg_arith(funct3, funct7, rd, rs1, rs2)
  } else if(opcode == 47) { # 0x2f, atomic operations, type R
    amach_atomic(funct3, int(funct7 / 4), int(funct7 / 2) % 2, funct7 % 2, rd, rs1, rs2)  
  } else if(opcode == 3 || opcode == 19 || opcode == 103 || opcode == 115) { # type I
    amach_imm(opcode, funct3, rd, rs1, imm_sign_ex(rs2 + funct7 * 32))
  } else if(opcode == 35) { # 0x23, store, type S
    amach_store(funct3, rs1, rs2, imm_sign_ex(rd + funct7 * 32))
  } else if(opcode == 99) { # 0x63, branch, type B
    imm = rd + (funct7 % 64) * 32 + (rd % 2) * 2047 + int(funct7 / 64) * 4096
    pc -= 4
    amach_branch(funct3, rs1, rs2, imm_sign_ex_b(imm))
  } else if(opcode == 111) { # 0x6F, JAL, type J
    setreg(rd, pc)
    imm_10_1 = int(rs2 / 2) + (funct7 % 64) * 16
    imm_19_12 = funct3 + rs1 * 8
    imm = imm_10_1 * 2 + (rs2 % 2) * 2048 + imm_19_12 * 4096 + int(funct7 / 64) * 1048576
    if(imm >= 1048576) imm -= 2097152
    pc += imm - 4
  } else if(opcode == 55) { # 0x37, LUI, type U
    setreg(rd, imm * 4096)
  } else if(opcode == 23) { # 0x17, AUIPC, type U
    setreg(rd, imm * 4096 + pc - 4)  
  } else if(opcode == 15) { # 0x0F, FENCE, type I / no-op
  } else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-4))
}

# Initialization section
BEGIN {
  split("", MEM)  # init the memory array
  split("", REG)  # init the (integer) registers
  REG[0] = 0      # zero register
  REG[2] = 2^31   # stack pointer top
  RES_ADDR = -1   # reserved address for atomic ops
  LVA = int(LVA)
  pc = LVA 
  NEXT_FD = 3
  LAST_SEC = -1
  VIRT_NSEC = 0
  srand()
}

# Decimal memory collection section
/^[[:space:]]*[[:digit:][:space:]]+/ {for(i=1; i<=NF; i++) MEM[pc++] = int($i)}

# Execution section
END {
  # ELF detection and parsing
  # The file has been loaded into MEM starting from original LVA
  orig_LVA = LVA
  elf_size = pc - orig_LVA
  # Verify if it starts with ELF magic (0x7F, 'E', 'L', 'F') and is large enough to contain a header
  if(elf_size >= 52 && MEM[LVA] == 127 && MEM[LVA+1] == 69 && MEM[LVA+2] == 76 && MEM[LVA+3] == 70) {
    # Verify class is ELF32, data is LSB (little endian), and machine is RISC-V (243 / 0xf3)
    if(MEM[LVA+4] != 1 || MEM[LVA+5] != 1 || (MEM[LVA+18] + MEM[LVA+19] * 256) != 243)
      trapout("Incompatible ELF file (must be RV32 little-endian)")
    
    # Read entry point (4 bytes at offset 24)
    e_entry = MEM[LVA+24] + MEM[LVA+25] * 256 + MEM[LVA+26] * 65536 + MEM[LVA+27] * 16777216
    # Read program header table offset (4 bytes at offset 28)
    e_phoff = MEM[LVA+28] + MEM[LVA+29] * 256 + MEM[LVA+30] * 65536 + MEM[LVA+31] * 16777216
    # Read number of program headers (2 bytes at offset 44)
    e_phnum = MEM[LVA+44] + MEM[LVA+45] * 256
    # Read size of program header entry (2 bytes at offset 42)
    e_phentsize = MEM[LVA+42] + MEM[LVA+43] * 256
    
    # Back up the entire ELF image to ELF_DATA array and clear MEM in the loaded range
    for(i = 0; i < elf_size; i++) {
      ELF_DATA[i] = MEM[orig_LVA + i]
      delete MEM[orig_LVA + i]
    }
    
    # Load segment data into memory
    for(p = 0; p < e_phnum; p++) {
      ph_addr = e_phoff + p * e_phentsize
      p_type = ELF_DATA[ph_addr] + ELF_DATA[ph_addr+1] * 256 + ELF_DATA[ph_addr+2] * 65536 + ELF_DATA[ph_addr+3] * 16777216
      
      # We only load PT_LOAD (p_type == 1)
      if(p_type == 1) {
        p_offset = ELF_DATA[ph_addr+4] + ELF_DATA[ph_addr+5] * 256 + ELF_DATA[ph_addr+6] * 65536 + ELF_DATA[ph_addr+7] * 16777216
        p_vaddr = ELF_DATA[ph_addr+8] + ELF_DATA[ph_addr+9] * 256 + ELF_DATA[ph_addr+10] * 65536 + ELF_DATA[ph_addr+11] * 16777216
        p_filesz = ELF_DATA[ph_addr+16] + ELF_DATA[ph_addr+17] * 256 + ELF_DATA[ph_addr+18] * 65536 + ELF_DATA[ph_addr+19] * 16777216
        p_memsz = ELF_DATA[ph_addr+20] + ELF_DATA[ph_addr+21] * 256 + ELF_DATA[ph_addr+22] * 65536 + ELF_DATA[ph_addr+23] * 16777216
        
        # Copy p_filesz bytes from ELF_DATA to MEM
        for(i = 0; i < p_filesz; i++) MEM[p_vaddr + i] = ELF_DATA[p_offset + i]
        # Zero-initialize the remaining p_memsz - p_filesz bytes
        for(i = p_filesz; i < p_memsz; i++) MEM[p_vaddr + i] = 0
      }
    }
    
    # Override LVA to the entry point (actual memory start value inside the ELF file)
    LVA = e_entry
  }

  memsize = pc - LVA
  pc = LVA
  while(pc > -1) {
    instr = MEM[pc++] + 256 * MEM[pc++]
    if((instr % 4) == 3) # full instruction
      instr += 65536 * MEM[pc++] + 16777216 * MEM[pc++]
    amach_exec(instr) # decode and execute
  }
  for(fd in FD_PATH) if(FD_DIRTY[fd]) write_fd_to_file(fd)
}