speed optimization

amach

@@ -12,5 +12,14 @@ for arg in "$@"; do
     CMD_OPTS="$CMD_OPTS$SEP$arg"
   fi
 done
-[ -z "$AWK" ] && AWK=awk
+if [ -z "$AWK" ]; then
-od -An -v -tu1 "$1" | POSIXLY_CORRECT=1 $AWK -f amach.awk -v LVA="$LVA" -v CMD_OPTS="$CMD_OPTS"
+  if command -v mawk >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    AWK=mawk
+  else
+    AWK=awk
+  fi
+fi
+TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
+od -An -v -tu1 "$1" > "$TMPFILE"
+POSIXLY_CORRECT=1 $AWK -f amach.awk -v LVA="$LVA" -v CMD_OPTS="$CMD_OPTS" -- "$TMPFILE"
+rm -f "$TMPFILE"

amach.awk

@@ -20,13 +20,16 @@ function trapout(msg,   fd) {
 # helper functions
 
 function uint32(val) {
-  val = int(val) % 4294967296
+  val = int(val)
+  if (val >= 0 && val < 4294967296) return val
+  val = val % 4294967296
   return (val < 0) ? (val + 4294967296) : val
 }
 
 function setreg(idx, val) {
   if(idx > 0) {
-    val = uint32(val)
+    val = int(val) % 4294967296
+    if(val < 0) val += 4294967296
     REG[idx] = (val >= 2147483648) ? (val - 4294967296) : val
   }
 }
@@ -63,11 +66,22 @@ function bw_xor(a, b) {return bw_op(a, b, "^")}
 
 function read_mem(addr, bytes, signed,  i, val, max_val) {
   addr = uint32(addr)
-  val = 0
+  if (bytes == 1) {
-  for(i=0; i<bytes; i++) val += MEM[(addr+i)%4294967296] * (256^i)
+    val = MEM[addr]
-  if(signed) {
+    if (signed && val >= 128) val -= 256
-    max_val = 256^bytes
+  } else if (bytes == 2) {
-    if(val >= max_val/2) val -= max_val
+    val = MEM[addr] + MEM[addr+1] * 256
+    if (signed && val >= 32768) val -= 65536
+  } else if (bytes == 4) {
+    val = MEM[addr] + MEM[addr+1] * 256 + MEM[addr+2] * 65536 + MEM[addr+3] * 16777216
+    if (signed && val >= 2147483648) val -= 4294967296
+  } else {
+    val = 0
+    for(i=0; i<bytes; i++) val += MEM[addr+i] * (256^i)
+    if(signed) {
+      max_val = 256^bytes
+      if(val >= max_val/2) val -= max_val
+    }
   }
   return val
 }
@@ -75,7 +89,19 @@ function read_mem(addr, bytes, signed,  i, val, max_val) {
 function write_mem(addr, val, bytes,  i) {
   addr = uint32(addr)
   val = uint32(val)
-  for(i=0; i<bytes; i++) MEM[(addr+i)%4294967296] = int(val / (256^i)) % 256
+  if (bytes == 1) {
+    MEM[addr] = val % 256
+  } else if (bytes == 2) {
+    MEM[addr] = val % 256
+    MEM[addr+1] = int(val / 256) % 256
+  } else if (bytes == 4) {
+    MEM[addr] = val % 256
+    MEM[addr+1] = int(val / 256) % 256
+    MEM[addr+2] = int(val / 65536) % 256
+    MEM[addr+3] = int(val / 16777216) % 256
+  } else {
+    for(i=0; i<bytes; i++) MEM[addr+i] = int(val / (256^i)) % 256
+  }
 }
 
 function read_word(addr) {return read_mem(addr, 4, 1)}
@@ -225,6 +251,9 @@ function amach_exit(code,   fd) {
 # syscall emulation
 
 function handle_ecall(callnum, a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5,  i, reclen, cmd, line, arr) {
+  ECALL_COUNT++
+  if(ECALL_COUNT == 1) POST_ECALL_IC = ic
+  printf("ECALL #%d: call=%d a0=%d a1=0x%X a2=%d pc=0x%X ic=%d\n", ECALL_COUNT, callnum, a0, uint32(a1), a2, pc-4, ic) > "/dev/stderr"
   if(callnum == 34) { # sys_mkdirat
     a1 = resolve_path(a0, read_str(a1))
     if(path_exists(a1)) setreg(10, -17) # -EEXIST
@@ -348,9 +377,13 @@ function handle_ecall(callnum, a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5,  i, reclen, cmd, line, ar
     } else setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
   } else if(callnum == 63) { # sys_read
     if(a0 == 0) {
-      getline a3 < "/dev/tty"
+      STARTED_IO = 1
-      a4 = length(a3); if(a4 > a2) a4 = a2
+      if(length(STDIN_BUF) == 0) {
-      for(i = 0; i < a4; i++) MEM[uint32(a1 + i)] = ord(substr(a3, i + 1, 1))
+        if((getline a3 < "-") > 0) STDIN_BUF = a3 "\n"
+      }
+      a4 = length(STDIN_BUF); if(a4 > a2) a4 = a2
+      for(i = 0; i < a4; i++) MEM[uint32(a1 + i)] = ord(substr(STDIN_BUF, i + 1, 1))
+      STDIN_BUF = substr(STDIN_BUF, a4 + 1)
       setreg(10, a4)
     } else if(a0 >= 3 && (a0 in FD_PATH) && !(a0 in FD_DIRENT_COUNT)) {
       a3 = FD_OFFSET[a0]  # idx
@@ -361,12 +394,16 @@ function handle_ecall(callnum, a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5,  i, reclen, cmd, line, ar
         for(i = 0; i < a2; i++)
           MEM[uint32(a1 + i)] = FD_DATA[a0, a3 + i]
         FD_OFFSET[a0] = a3 + a2
+        printf("DEBUG sys_read fd=%d: wrote %d bytes to 0x%X. First 16:", a0, a2, uint32(a1)) > "/dev/stderr"
+        for(k=0; k<16; k++) printf(" %d", MEM[uint32(a1)+k]+0) > "/dev/stderr"
+        printf("\n") > "/dev/stderr"
         setreg(10, a2)
       }
     } else setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
   } else if(callnum == 64) { # sys_write
     if(a0 == 1 || a0 == 2) {
       for(i = 0; i < a2; i++) printf("%c", MEM[uint32(a1 + i)])
+      fflush("")
       setreg(10, a2)
     } else if(a0 >= 3 && (a0 in FD_PATH) && !(a0 in FD_DIRENT_COUNT)) {
       a3 = bw_and(FD_FLAGS[a0], 1024) ? FD_SIZE[a0] : FD_OFFSET[a0]  # idx
@@ -440,7 +477,7 @@ function handle_ecall(callnum, a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5,  i, reclen, cmd, line, ar
 # instruction type executors
 
 function amach_reg_arith(f3, f7, rd, rs1, rs2,  r1, r2, ur1, ur2, shamt) {
-  r1 = getreg(rs1); r2 = getreg(rs2)
+  r1 = rs1 ? int(REG[rs1]) : 0; r2 = rs2 ? int(REG[rs2]) : 0
   ur1 = uint32(r1); ur2 = uint32(r2)
   shamt = ur2 % 32
   
@@ -449,9 +486,9 @@ function amach_reg_arith(f3, f7, rd, rs1, rs2,  r1, r2, ur1, ur2, shamt) {
   else if(f3 == 4 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, bw_xor(r1, r2))
   else if(f3 == 6 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, bw_or(r1, r2))
   else if(f3 == 7 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, bw_and(r1, r2))
-  else if(f3 == 1 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, (r1 * (2^shamt)) % 4294967296)
+  else if(f3 == 1 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, (r1 * P2[shamt]) % 4294967296)
-  else if(f3 == 5 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, int(ur1 / (2^shamt)))
+  else if(f3 == 5 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, int(ur1 / P2[shamt]))
-  else if(f3 == 5 && f7 == 32) setreg(rd, floor(r1 / (2^shamt)))
+  else if(f3 == 5 && f7 == 32) setreg(rd, floor(r1 / P2[shamt]))
   else if(f3 == 2 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, (r1 < r2) ? 1 : 0)
   else if(f3 == 3 && f7 == 0) setreg(rd, (ur1 < ur2) ? 1 : 0)
   else if(f3 == 0 && f7 == 1) setreg(rd, (r1 * r2) % 4294967296)
@@ -466,13 +503,13 @@ function amach_reg_arith(f3, f7, rd, rs1, rs2,  r1, r2, ur1, ur2, shamt) {
 }
 
 function amach_store(f3, rs1, rs2, immval,  r1, r2) {
-  r1 = getreg(rs1); r2 = getreg(rs2)
+  r1 = rs1 ? int(REG[rs1]) : 0; r2 = rs2 ? int(REG[rs2]) : 0
-  if(f3 >= 0 && f3 <= 2) write_mem(r1 + immval, r2, 2^f3)
+  if(f3 >= 0 && f3 <= 2) write_mem(r1 + immval, r2, P2[f3])
   else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-4))
 }
 
 function amach_branch(f3, rs1, rs2, immval,  r1, r2, ur1, ur2, taken) {
-  r1 = getreg(rs1); r2 = getreg(rs2)
+  r1 = rs1 ? int(REG[rs1]) : 0; r2 = rs2 ? int(REG[rs2]) : 0
   ur1 = uint32(r1); ur2 = uint32(r2)
   taken = 0
   if(f3 == 0) taken = (r1 == r2)
@@ -486,10 +523,10 @@ function amach_branch(f3, rs1, rs2, immval,  r1, r2, ur1, ur2, taken) {
 }
 
 function amach_imm(opcode, f3, rd, rs1, immval,  r1, ur1, shamt) {
-  r1 = getreg(rs1); ur1 = uint32(r1)
+  r1 = rs1 ? int(REG[rs1]) : 0; ur1 = uint32(r1)
   if(opcode == 3) { # load
     if(f3 == 0 || f3 == 1 || f3 == 2 || f3 == 4 || f3 == 5) {
-      setreg(rd, read_mem(r1 + immval, 2^(f3 % 4), f3 < 4))
+      setreg(rd, read_mem(r1 + immval, P2[f3 % 4], f3 < 4))
     } else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-4))
   } else if(opcode == 19) { # 0x13, immediate arithmetic
     shamt = bw_and(immval, 31)
@@ -497,9 +534,9 @@ function amach_imm(opcode, f3, rd, rs1, immval,  r1, ur1, shamt) {
     else if(f3 == 4) setreg(rd, bw_xor(r1, immval))
     else if(f3 == 6) setreg(rd, bw_or(r1, immval))
     else if(f3 == 7) setreg(rd, bw_and(r1, immval))
-    else if(f3 == 1) setreg(rd, (r1 * (2^shamt)) % 4294967296) # slli
+    else if(f3 == 1) setreg(rd, (r1 * P2[shamt]) % 4294967296) # slli
-    else if(f3 == 5 && immval < 1024) setreg(rd, int(ur1 / (2^shamt))) # srli
+    else if(f3 == 5 && immval < 1024) setreg(rd, int(ur1 / P2[shamt])) # srli
-    else if(f3 == 5 && immval >= 1024) setreg(rd, floor(r1 / (2^shamt))) # srai
+    else if(f3 == 5 && immval >= 1024) setreg(rd, floor(r1 / P2[shamt])) # srai
     else if(f3 == 2) setreg(rd, (r1 < immval) ? 1 : 0)
     else if(f3 == 3) setreg(rd, (ur1 < immval) ? 1 : 0)
     else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-4))
@@ -507,7 +544,7 @@ function amach_imm(opcode, f3, rd, rs1, immval,  r1, ur1, shamt) {
     setreg(rd, pc)
     pc = r1 + immval
   } else if(opcode == 115) { # 0x73, system call / csr
-    if(immval == 0) handle_ecall(getreg(17), getreg(10), getreg(11), getreg(12), getreg(13), getreg(14), getreg(15))
+    if(immval == 0) handle_ecall(REG[17], REG[10], REG[11], REG[12], REG[13], REG[14], REG[15])
     else if(immval == 1) trapout(sprintf("EBREAK at 0x%X", pc-4))
     else trapout(sprintf("Unimplemented external system call at 0x%X", pc-4))
   } else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-4))
@@ -515,7 +552,7 @@ function amach_imm(opcode, f3, rd, rs1, immval,  r1, ur1, shamt) {
 
 # A-extension
 function amach_atomic(f3, f5, aq, rl, rd, rs1, rs2,  r1, r2, val, uval, ur2) {
-  r1 = getreg(rs1); r2 = getreg(rs2)
+  r1 = rs1 ? int(REG[rs1]) : 0; r2 = rs2 ? int(REG[rs2]) : 0
   ur2 = uint32(r2)
   if(f3 == 2) {
     val = read_word(r1)
@@ -561,33 +598,53 @@ function amach_atomic(f3, f5, aq, rl, rd, rs1, rs2,  r1, r2, val, uval, ur2) {
 }
 
 # C-extension (compressed instructions) handler
-function amach_comp(instr,  op, f3, b12, r11_7, r9_7, r6_2, r4_2, shamt, imm, base, val) {
+function amach_comp(instr, addr,  op, f3, b12, r11_7, r9_7, r6_2, r4_2, shamt, imm, base, val) {
-  op = instr % 4
+  if (addr in CACHE_COP) {
-  f3 = int(instr / 8192) % 8
+    op = CACHE_COP[addr]
-  b12 = int(instr / 4096) % 2
+    f3 = CACHE_CF3[addr]
-  r11_7 = int(instr / 128) % 32
+    b12 = CACHE_CB12[addr]
-  r9_7 = (r11_7 % 8) + 8
+    r11_7 = CACHE_CR11_7[addr]
-  r6_2 = int(instr / 4) % 32
+    r9_7 = CACHE_CR9_7[addr]
-  r4_2 = (r6_2 % 8) + 8
+    r6_2 = CACHE_CR6_2[addr]
-  shamt = r6_2 + b12 * 32
+    r4_2 = CACHE_CR4_2[addr]
+    shamt = CACHE_CSHAMT[addr]
+  } else {
+    op = instr % 4
+    f3 = int(instr / 8192) % 8
+    b12 = int(instr / 4096) % 2
+    r11_7 = int(instr / 128) % 32
+    r9_7 = (r11_7 % 8) + 8
+    r6_2 = int(instr / 4) % 32
+    r4_2 = (r6_2 % 8) + 8
+    shamt = r6_2 + b12 * 32
+    
+    CACHE_COP[addr] = op
+    CACHE_CF3[addr] = f3
+    CACHE_CB12[addr] = b12
+    CACHE_CR11_7[addr] = r11_7
+    CACHE_CR9_7[addr] = r9_7
+    CACHE_CR6_2[addr] = r6_2
+    CACHE_CR4_2[addr] = r4_2
+    CACHE_CSHAMT[addr] = shamt
+  }
 
   if(op == 0) {
     if(f3 == 0) { # C.ADDI4SPN
       imm = (r11_7 % 16) * 64 + (int(r11_7 / 16) + b12 * 2) * 16 + (int(r6_2 / 8) % 2) * 8 + (int(r6_2 / 16) % 2) * 4
       if(imm == 0) trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction C.ADDI4SPN at 0x%X", pc-2))
-      setreg(r4_2, getreg(2) + imm)
+      setreg(r4_2, REG[2] + imm)
     } else if(f3 == 2) { # C.LW
       imm = (int(r6_2 / 8) % 2) * 64 + (int(r11_7 / 8) % 4) * 8 + b12 * 32 + (int(r6_2 / 16) % 2) * 4
-      setreg(r4_2, read_mem(getreg(r9_7) + imm, 4, 1))
+      setreg(r4_2, read_mem((r9_7 ? REG[r9_7] : 0) + imm, 4, 1))
     } else if(f3 == 6) { # C.SW
       imm = (int(r6_2 / 8) % 2) * 64 + (int(r11_7 / 8) % 4) * 8 + b12 * 32 + (int(r6_2 / 16) % 2) * 4
-      write_mem(getreg(r9_7) + imm, getreg(r4_2), 4)
+      write_mem((r9_7 ? REG[r9_7] : 0) + imm, r4_2 ? REG[r4_2] : 0, 4)
     } else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-2))
   } else if(op == 1) {
     if(f3 == 0) { # C.NOP / C.ADDI
       imm = r6_2 + b12 * 32
       if(imm >= 32) imm -= 64
-      setreg(r11_7, getreg(r11_7) + imm)
+      setreg(r11_7, (r11_7 ? REG[r11_7] : 0) + imm)
     } else if(f3 == 1 || f3 == 5) { # C.JAL / C.J
       imm = b12 * 2048 + (int(r11_7 / 2) % 2) * 1024 + (int(r11_7 / 4) % 4) * 256 + (int(r6_2 / 16) % 2) * 128 + (r11_7 % 2) * 64 + (r6_2 % 2) * 32 + (int(r11_7 / 16)) * 16 + (int(r6_2 / 2) % 8) * 2
       if(imm >= 2048) imm -= 4096
@@ -602,7 +659,7 @@ function amach_comp(instr,  op, f3, b12, r11_7, r9_7, r6_2, r4_2, shamt, imm, ba
         imm = b12 * 512 + (int(r6_2 / 2) % 4) * 128 + (int(r6_2 / 8) % 2) * 64 + (r6_2 % 2) * 32 + (int(r6_2 / 16) % 2) * 16
         if(imm >= 512) imm -= 1024
         if(imm == 0) trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction C.ADDI16SP at 0x%X", pc-2))
-        setreg(2, getreg(2) + imm)
+        setreg(2, REG[2] + imm)
       } else if(r11_7 != 0) { # C.LUI
         imm = r6_2 + b12 * 32
         if(imm >= 32) imm -= 64
@@ -614,101 +671,133 @@ function amach_comp(instr,  op, f3, b12, r11_7, r9_7, r6_2, r4_2, shamt, imm, ba
       val = int(r11_7 / 8) % 4
       if(val == 0) { # C.SRLI
         if(shamt >= 32) trapout(sprintf("Illegal shift amount %d at 0x%X", shamt, pc-2))
-        imm = getreg(r9_7)
+        imm = r9_7 ? REG[r9_7] : 0
         if(imm < 0) imm += 4294967296
-        setreg(r9_7, int(imm / (2^shamt)))
+        setreg(r9_7, int(imm / P2[shamt]))
       } else if(val == 1) { # C.SRAI
         if(shamt >= 32) trapout(sprintf("Illegal shift amount %d at 0x%X", shamt, pc-2))
-        setreg(r9_7, floor(getreg(r9_7) / (2^shamt)))
+        setreg(r9_7, floor((r9_7 ? REG[r9_7] : 0) / P2[shamt]))
       } else if(val == 2) { # C.ANDI
         imm = r6_2 + b12 * 32
         if(imm >= 32) imm -= 64
-        setreg(r9_7, bw_and(getreg(r9_7), imm))
+        setreg(r9_7, bw_and(r9_7 ? REG[r9_7] : 0, imm))
       } else if(val == 3) { # C.SUB, C.XOR, C.OR, C.AND
         imm = int(r6_2 / 8) % 4
         if(b12 != 0) trapout(sprintf("Illegal register-register instruction at 0x%X", pc-2))
-        if(imm == 0) setreg(r9_7, getreg(r9_7) - getreg(r4_2))
+        r9_val = r9_7 ? REG[r9_7] : 0
-        else if(imm == 1) setreg(r9_7, bw_xor(getreg(r9_7), getreg(r4_2)))
+        r4_val = r4_2 ? REG[r4_2] : 0
-        else if(imm == 2) setreg(r9_7, bw_or(getreg(r9_7), getreg(r4_2)))
+        if(imm == 0) setreg(r9_7, r9_val - r4_val)
-        else if(imm == 3) setreg(r9_7, bw_and(getreg(r9_7), getreg(r4_2)))
+        else if(imm == 1) setreg(r9_7, bw_xor(r9_val, r4_val))
+        else if(imm == 2) setreg(r9_7, bw_or(r9_val, r4_val))
+        else if(imm == 3) setreg(r9_7, bw_and(r9_val, r4_val))
       }
     } else if(f3 == 6 || f3 == 7) { # C.BEQZ / C.BNEZ
       imm = b12 * 256 + (int(r6_2 / 8) % 4) * 64 + (r6_2 % 2) * 32 + (int(r11_7 / 8) % 4) * 8 + (int(r6_2 / 2) % 4) * 2
       if(imm >= 256) imm -= 512
-      val = (f3 == 6) ? (getreg(r9_7) == 0) : (getreg(r9_7) != 0)
+      val = (f3 == 6) ? ((r9_7 ? REG[r9_7] : 0) == 0) : ((r9_7 ? REG[r9_7] : 0) != 0)
       pc = val ? (pc - 2) + imm : pc
     }
   } else if(op == 2) {
     if(f3 == 0) { # C.SLLI
       if(shamt >= 32) trapout(sprintf("Illegal shift amount %d at 0x%X", shamt, pc-2))
       if(r11_7 != 0) {
-        setreg(r11_7, (getreg(r11_7) * (2^shamt)) % 4294967296)
+        setreg(r11_7, (REG[r11_7] * P2[shamt]) % 4294967296)
       }
     } else if(f3 == 2) { # C.LWSP
       if(r11_7 == 0) trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction C.LWSP with rd=0 at 0x%X", pc-2))
       imm = (r6_2 % 4) * 64 + b12 * 32 + (int(r6_2 / 4) % 8) * 4
-      setreg(r11_7, read_mem(getreg(2) + imm, 4, 1))
+      setreg(r11_7, read_mem(REG[2] + imm, 4, 1))
     } else if(f3 == 4) { # C.JR, C.MV, C.JALR, C.ADD
       if(b12 == 0) {
         if(r6_2 == 0) { # C.JR
           if(r11_7 == 0) trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction C.JR with rs1=0 at 0x%X", pc-2))
-          pc = getreg(r11_7)
+          pc = r11_7 ? REG[r11_7] : 0
-        } else setreg(r11_7, getreg(r6_2)) # C.MV
+        } else setreg(r11_7, r6_2 ? REG[r6_2] : 0) # C.MV
       } else {
         if(r6_2 == 0) {
           if(r11_7 == 0) trapout(sprintf("EBREAK at 0x%X", pc-2)) # C.EBREAK
           else { # C.JALR
-            imm = getreg(r11_7)
+            imm = r11_7 ? REG[r11_7] : 0
             setreg(1, pc)
             pc = imm
           }
-        } else setreg(r11_7, getreg(r11_7) + getreg(r6_2)) # C.ADD
+        } else setreg(r11_7, (r11_7 ? REG[r11_7] : 0) + (r6_2 ? REG[r6_2] : 0)) # C.ADD
       }
     } else if(f3 == 6) { # C.SWSP
       imm = (r11_7 % 4) * 64 + int(r11_7 / 4) * 4 + b12 * 32
-      write_mem(getreg(2) + imm, getreg(r6_2), 4)
+      write_mem(REG[2] + imm, r6_2 ? REG[r6_2] : 0, 4)
     } else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-2))
   } else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-2))
 }
 
 # main instruction decoding and execution routine
-function amach_exec(instr,  opcode, rd, rs1, rs2, imm, funct3, funct7) {
+function amach_exec(instr, addr,  opcode, rd, rs1, rs2, imm, funct3, funct7) {
   if((instr % 4) != 3) {
-    amach_comp(instr)
+    amach_comp(instr, addr)
     return
   }
-  opcode = instr % 128
+  if (addr in CACHE_OPCODE) {
-  instr = int(instr / 128)
+    opcode = CACHE_OPCODE[addr]
-  rd = instr % 32
+    rd = CACHE_RD[addr]
-  imm = int(instr / 32)
+    rs1 = CACHE_RS1[addr]
-  funct3 = imm % 8
+    rs2 = CACHE_RS2[addr]
-  rs1 = int(imm / 8) % 32
+    imm = CACHE_IMM[addr]
-  rs2 = int(imm / 256) % 32
+    funct3 = CACHE_F3[addr]
-  funct7 = int(imm / 8192)
+    funct7 = CACHE_F7[addr]
+  } else {
+    opcode = instr % 128
+    instr = int(instr / 128)
+    rd = instr % 32
+    imm = int(instr / 32)
+    funct3 = imm % 8
+    rs1 = int(imm / 8) % 32
+    rs2 = int(imm / 256) % 32
+    funct7 = int(imm / 8192)
+    
+    # Reconstruct/cache final immediate values for caching
+    if(opcode == 3 || opcode == 19 || opcode == 103 || opcode == 115) {
+      imm = imm_sign_ex(rs2 + funct7 * 32)
+    } else if(opcode == 35) {
+      imm = imm_sign_ex(rd + funct7 * 32)
+    } else if(opcode == 99) {
+      imm = rd + (funct7 % 64) * 32 + (rd % 2) * 2047 + int(funct7 / 64) * 4096
+      imm = imm_sign_ex_b(imm)
+    } else if(opcode == 111) {
+      imm_10_1 = int(rs2 / 2) + (funct7 % 64) * 16
+      imm_19_12 = funct3 + rs1 * 8
+      imm = imm_10_1 * 2 + (rs2 % 2) * 2048 + imm_19_12 * 4096 + int(funct7 / 64) * 1048576
+      if(imm >= 1048576) imm -= 2097152
+    } else if(opcode == 55 || opcode == 23) {
+      imm = imm * 4096
+    }
+    
+    CACHE_OPCODE[addr] = opcode
+    CACHE_RD[addr] = rd
+    CACHE_RS1[addr] = rs1
+    CACHE_RS2[addr] = rs2
+    CACHE_IMM[addr] = imm
+    CACHE_F3[addr] = funct3
+    CACHE_F7[addr] = funct7
+  }
   
   if(opcode == 51) { # 0x33, register arithmetic, type R
     amach_reg_arith(funct3, funct7, rd, rs1, rs2)
   } else if(opcode == 47) { # 0x2f, atomic operations, type R
     amach_atomic(funct3, int(funct7 / 4), int(funct7 / 2) % 2, funct7 % 2, rd, rs1, rs2)  
   } else if(opcode == 3 || opcode == 19 || opcode == 103 || opcode == 115) { # type I
-    amach_imm(opcode, funct3, rd, rs1, imm_sign_ex(rs2 + funct7 * 32))
+    amach_imm(opcode, funct3, rd, rs1, imm)
   } else if(opcode == 35) { # 0x23, store, type S
-    amach_store(funct3, rs1, rs2, imm_sign_ex(rd + funct7 * 32))
+    amach_store(funct3, rs1, rs2, imm)
   } else if(opcode == 99) { # 0x63, branch, type B
-    imm = rd + (funct7 % 64) * 32 + (rd % 2) * 2047 + int(funct7 / 64) * 4096
     pc -= 4
-    amach_branch(funct3, rs1, rs2, imm_sign_ex_b(imm))
+    amach_branch(funct3, rs1, rs2, imm)
   } else if(opcode == 111) { # 0x6F, JAL, type J
     setreg(rd, pc)
-    imm_10_1 = int(rs2 / 2) + (funct7 % 64) * 16
-    imm_19_12 = funct3 + rs1 * 8
-    imm = imm_10_1 * 2 + (rs2 % 2) * 2048 + imm_19_12 * 4096 + int(funct7 / 64) * 1048576
-    if(imm >= 1048576) imm -= 2097152
     pc += imm - 4
   } else if(opcode == 55) { # 0x37, LUI, type U
-    setreg(rd, imm * 4096)
+    setreg(rd, imm)
   } else if(opcode == 23) { # 0x17, AUIPC, type U
-    setreg(rd, imm * 4096 + pc - 4)  
+    setreg(rd, imm + pc - 4)  
   } else if(opcode == 15) { # 0x0F, FENCE, type I / no-op
   } else trapout(sprintf("Illegal instruction at 0x%X", pc-4))
 }
@@ -726,6 +815,8 @@ BEGIN {
   LAST_SEC = -1
   VIRT_NSEC = 0
   srand()
+  STDIN_BUF = ""
+  for(i=0; i<=32; i++) P2[i] = 2^i
 }
 
 # Decimal memory collection section
@@ -789,7 +880,7 @@ END {
     args[1] = "amach"
   }
 
-  sp = getreg(2)
+  sp = REG[2]
   for(i = n; i >= 1; i--) {
     len = length(args[i])
     sp = sp - (len + 1)
@@ -812,11 +903,24 @@ END {
 
   memsize = pc - LVA
   pc = LVA
+  ic = 0
   while(pc > -1) {
-    instr = MEM[pc++] + 256 * MEM[pc++]
+    ic++
-    if((instr % 4) == 3) # full instruction
+    instr_pc = pc
-      instr += 65536 * MEM[pc++] + 16777216 * MEM[pc++]
+    if (instr_pc in CACHE_INSTR) {
-    amach_exec(instr) # decode and execute
+      instr = CACHE_INSTR[instr_pc]
+      pc += CACHE_LEN[instr_pc]
+    } else {
+      instr = MEM[pc++] + 256 * MEM[pc++]
+      if((instr % 4) == 3) { # full instruction
+        instr += 65536 * MEM[pc++] + 16777216 * MEM[pc++]
+        CACHE_LEN[instr_pc] = 4
+      } else {
+        CACHE_LEN[instr_pc] = 2
+      }
+      CACHE_INSTR[instr_pc] = instr
+    }
+    amach_exec(instr, instr_pc) # decode and execute
   }
   for(fd in FD_PATH) if(FD_DIRTY[fd]) write_fd_to_file(fd)
 }