diff --git a/amach.awk b/amach.awk
index f554170..c007251 100644
--- a/amach.awk
+++ b/amach.awk
@@ -10,11 +10,7 @@
 
 # fatal error reporting function
 function trapout(msg,   fd) {
-  for(fd in FD_PATH) {
-    if(FD_DIRTY[fd]) {
-      write_fd_to_file(fd)
-    }
-  }
+  for(fd in FD_PATH) if(FD_DIRTY[fd]) write_fd_to_file(fd)
   cmd = "cat 1>&2"
   printf("Fatal: %s\n", msg) | cmd
   close(cmd)
@@ -95,15 +91,15 @@ function qquote(str) {
 function hex_to_dec(hex,   dec, i, len, c, val) {
   dec = 0
   len = length(hex)
-  for (i = 1; i <= len; i++) {
+  for(i = 1; i <= len; i++) {
     c = tolower(substr(hex, i, 1))
-    if (c ~ /[0-9]/) val = int(c)
-    else if (c == "a") val = 10
-    else if (c == "b") val = 11
-    else if (c == "c") val = 12
-    else if (c == "d") val = 13
-    else if (c == "e") val = 14
-    else if (c == "f") val = 15
+    if(c ~ /[0-9]/) val = int(c)
+    else if(c == "a") val = 10
+    else if(c == "b") val = 11
+    else if(c == "c") val = 12
+    else if(c == "d") val = 13
+    else if(c == "e") val = 14
+    else if(c == "f") val = 15
     else continue
     dec = dec * 16 + val
   }
@@ -114,9 +110,7 @@ function hex_to_dec(hex,   dec, i, len, c, val) {
 function read_str(addr,   c, s) {
   s = ""
   addr = uint32(addr)
-  while ((c = MEM[addr++]) != 0) {
-    s = s sprintf("%c", c)
-  }
+  while((c = MEM[addr++]) != 0) s = s sprintf("%c", c)
   return s
 }
 
@@ -126,21 +120,13 @@ function path_exists(path) {
 }
 
 # Checks if path is a directory using POSIX test -d
-function is_dir(path) {
-  return (system("test -d " qquote(path)) == 0)
-}
+function is_dir(path) {return (system("test -d " qquote(path)) == 0)}
 
 # Resolves relative path against dfd directory
 function resolve_path(dfd, pathname,   path) {
-  if (substr(pathname, 1, 1) == "/") {
-    return pathname
-  }
-  if (dfd == -100) { # AT_FDCWD
-    return pathname
-  }
-  if (dfd in FD_PATH) {
-    return FD_PATH[dfd] "/" pathname
-  }
+  if(substr(pathname, 1, 1) == "/") return pathname
+  if(dfd == -100) return pathname
+  if(dfd in FD_PATH) return FD_PATH[dfd] "/" pathname
   return pathname
 }
 
@@ -148,8 +134,8 @@ function resolve_path(dfd, pathname,   path) {
 # TV_SEC: 64-bit for clock_gettime64, 32-bit for clock_gettime
 function get_system_time(time_arr,   cmd, line) {
   cmd = "date +%s%N"
-  if ((cmd | getline line) > 0) {
-    if (length(line) > 9 && line ~ /^[0-9]+$/) {
+  if((cmd | getline line) > 0) {
+    if(length(line) > 9 && line ~ /^[0-9]+$/) {
       time_arr["sec"] = int(substr(line, 1, length(line) - 9))
       time_arr["nsec"] = int(substr(line, length(line) - 8))
       close(cmd)
@@ -160,16 +146,13 @@ function get_system_time(time_arr,   cmd, line) {
   
   # Fallback if %N is not supported
   cmd = "date +%s"
-  if ((cmd | getline line) > 0) {
+  if((cmd | getline line) > 0) {
     time_arr["sec"] = int(line)
-  } else {
-    time_arr["sec"] = 0
-  }
+  } else time_arr["sec"] = 0
   close(cmd)
-  
-  if (time_arr["sec"] == LAST_SEC) {
+  if(time_arr["sec"] == LAST_SEC) {
     VIRT_NSEC += 500000
-    if (VIRT_NSEC >= 1000000000) {
+    if(VIRT_NSEC >= 1000000000) {
       VIRT_NSEC = 999999999
     }
   } else {
@@ -183,7 +166,7 @@ function get_system_time(time_arr,   cmd, line) {
 function fill_stat_struct(path, addr, follow,   cmd, line, parts, opt, mode_hex, mode_dec, size, atime, mtime, ctime, i) {
   opt = follow ? "-L " : ""
   cmd = "stat " opt "-c \"%f %s %X %Y %Z\" " qquote(path)
-  if ((cmd | getline line) > 0) {
+  if((cmd | getline line) > 0) {
     split(line, parts)
     mode_hex = parts[1]
     mode_dec = hex_to_dec(mode_hex)
@@ -191,12 +174,9 @@ function fill_stat_struct(path, addr, follow,   cmd, line, parts, opt, mode_hex,
     atime = int(parts[3])
     mtime = int(parts[4])
     ctime = int(parts[5])
-    
     close(cmd)
     
-    for (i = 0; i < 104; i++) {
-      MEM[addr + i] = 0
-    }
+    for(i = 0; i < 104; i++) MEM[addr + i] = 0
     
     write_mem(addr + 0, 1, 8)
     write_mem(addr + 8, 1, 8)
@@ -226,96 +206,80 @@ function write_fd_to_file(fd,   path, chunk, i, size) {
   printf("") > path
   close(path)
   chunk = ""
-  for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+  for(i = 0; i < size; i++) {
     chunk = chunk sprintf("%c", FD_DATA[fd, i])
-    if (length(chunk) >= 1024) {
+    if(length(chunk) >= 1024) {
       printf("%s", chunk) >> path
       chunk = ""
     }
   }
-  if (length(chunk) > 0) {
-    printf("%s", chunk) >> path
-  }
+  if(length(chunk) > 0) printf("%s", chunk) >> path
   close(path)
 }
 
 function amach_exit(code,   fd) {
-  for (fd in FD_PATH) {
-    if (FD_DIRTY[fd]) {
-      write_fd_to_file(fd)
-    }
-  }
+  for(fd in FD_PATH) if(FD_DIRTY[fd]) write_fd_to_file(fd)
   exit(code)
 }
 
 # syscall emulation
 
 function handle_ecall(callnum, a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5,  i, l, buf, path, pathname, flags, fd, count, now_time, dtype, full_path, reclen, bytes_written, idx, count_limit, buf_addr, name, status, follow, oldpath, newpath, access_mode, is_read, is_write, do_trunc, cmd, line, arr, size, buflen) {
-  if (callnum == 34) { # sys_mkdirat
+  if(callnum == 34) { # sys_mkdirat
     pathname = read_str(a1)
     path = resolve_path(a0, pathname)
-    if (path_exists(path)) {
-      setreg(10, -17) # -EEXIST
-    } else {
+    if(path_exists(path)) setreg(10, -17) # -EEXIST
+    else {
       status = system("mkdir " qquote(path))
       setreg(10, (status == 0) ? 0 : -2)
     }
-    
-  } else if (callnum == 35) { # sys_unlinkat
+  } else if(callnum == 35) { # sys_unlinkat
     pathname = read_str(a1)
     path = resolve_path(a0, pathname)
-    if (!path_exists(path)) {
+    if(!path_exists(path)) {
       setreg(10, -2) # -ENOENT
     } else {
-      if (bw_and(a2, 512)) { # AT_REMOVEDIR (0x200)
+      if(bw_and(a2, 512)) # AT_REMOVEDIR (0x200)
         status = system("rmdir " qquote(path))
-      } else {
+      else
         status = system("rm " qquote(path))
-      }
       setreg(10, (status == 0) ? 0 : -1)
-    }
-    
-  } else if (callnum == 38 || callnum == 276) { # sys_renameat / sys_renameat2
+    }    
+  } else if(callnum == 38 || callnum == 276) { # sys_renameat / sys_renameat2
     oldpath = resolve_path(a0, read_str(a1))
     newpath = resolve_path(a2, read_str(a3))
     status = system("mv " qquote(oldpath) " " qquote(newpath))
     setreg(10, (status == 0) ? 0 : -1)
-    
-  } else if (callnum == 56) { # sys_openat
+  } else if(callnum == 56) { # sys_openat
     pathname = read_str(a1)
     path = resolve_path(a0, pathname)
     flags = a2
-    if (bw_and(flags, 64)) { # O_CREAT (0x40)
-      if (bw_and(flags, 128) && path_exists(path)) { # O_EXCL (0x80)
+    if(bw_and(flags, 64)) { # O_CREAT (0x40)
+      if(bw_and(flags, 128) && path_exists(path)) { # O_EXCL (0x80)
         setreg(10, -17) # -EEXIST
         return
       }
-      if (!path_exists(path)) {
+      if(!path_exists(path)) {
         printf("") > path
         close(path)
       }
     } else {
-      if (!path_exists(path)) {
+      if(!path_exists(path)) {
         setreg(10, -2) # -ENOENT
         return
       }
     }
-    
     fd = NEXT_FD++
     FD_PATH[fd] = path
     FD_FLAGS[fd] = flags
     FD_OFFSET[fd] = 0
     FD_SIZE[fd] = 0
     FD_DIRTY[fd] = 0
-    
-    if (is_dir(path)) {
+    if(is_dir(path)) {
       cmd = "ls -a1 " qquote(path)
       count = 0
-      while ((cmd | getline line) > 0) {
-        if (line != "") {
-          FD_DIRENTS[fd, count++] = line
-        }
-      }
+      while((cmd | getline line) > 0)
+        if(line != "") FD_DIRENTS[fd, count++] = line
       close(cmd)
       FD_DIRENT_COUNT[fd] = count
     } else {
@@ -324,64 +288,51 @@ function handle_ecall(callnum, a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5,  i, l, buf, path, pathnam
       is_write = (access_mode == 1 || access_mode == 2)
       do_trunc = (is_write && bw_and(flags, 512)) # O_TRUNC (0x200)
       
-      if (is_read && !do_trunc) {
+      if(is_read && !do_trunc) {
         cmd = "od -An -v -tu1 " qquote(path)
         size = 0
-        while ((cmd | getline line) > 0) {
+        while((cmd | getline line) > 0) {
           split(line, arr)
-          for (i = 1; i in arr; i++) {
+          for(i = 1; i in arr; i++)
             FD_DATA[fd, size++] = arr[i]
-          }
         }
         close(cmd)
         FD_SIZE[fd] = size
-      } else if (do_trunc) {
+      } else if(do_trunc) {
         printf("") > path
         close(path)
       }
     }
     setreg(10, fd)
     
-  } else if (callnum == 57) { # sys_close
+  } else if(callnum == 57) { # sys_close
     fd = a0
-    if (fd >= 3 && (fd in FD_PATH)) {
-      if (FD_DIRTY[fd]) {
-        write_fd_to_file(fd)
-      }
+    if(fd >= 3 && (fd in FD_PATH)) {
+      if(FD_DIRTY[fd]) write_fd_to_file(fd)
       delete FD_PATH[fd]
       delete FD_FLAGS[fd]
       delete FD_OFFSET[fd]
       delete FD_SIZE[fd]
       delete FD_DIRTY[fd]
-      if (fd in FD_DIRENT_COUNT) {
-        for (i = 0; i < FD_DIRENT_COUNT[fd]; i++) {
-          delete FD_DIRENTS[fd, i]
-        }
+      if(fd in FD_DIRENT_COUNT) {
+        for(i = 0; i < FD_DIRENT_COUNT[fd]; i++) delete FD_DIRENTS[fd, i]
         delete FD_DIRENT_COUNT[fd]
-      } else {
-        for (i = 0; i < FD_SIZE[fd]; i++) {
-          delete FD_DATA[fd, i]
-        }
-      }
+      } else for(i = 0; i < FD_SIZE[fd]; i++) delete FD_DATA[fd, i]
       setreg(10, 0)
-    } else {
-      setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
-    }
-    
-  } else if (callnum == 61) { # sys_getdents64
+    } else setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
+  } else if(callnum == 61) { # sys_getdents64
     fd = a0
-    if (!(fd in FD_DIRENT_COUNT)) {
-      setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
-    } else {
+    if(!(fd in FD_DIRENT_COUNT)) setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
+    else {
       bytes_written = 0
       idx = FD_OFFSET[fd]
       count_limit = a2
       buf_addr = a1
-      while (idx < FD_DIRENT_COUNT[fd]) {
+      while(idx < FD_DIRENT_COUNT[fd]) {
         name = FD_DIRENTS[fd, idx]
         reclen = int((20 + length(name) + 7) / 8) * 8
-        if (bytes_written + reclen > count_limit) {
-          if (bytes_written == 0) {
+        if(bytes_written + reclen > count_limit) {
+          if(bytes_written == 0) {
             setreg(10, -22) # -EINVAL
             return
           }
@@ -393,143 +344,116 @@ function handle_ecall(callnum, a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5,  i, l, buf, path, pathnam
         full_path = FD_PATH[fd] "/" name
         dtype = is_dir(full_path) ? 4 : 8
         write_mem(buf_addr + bytes_written + 18, dtype, 1)
-        for (i = 0; i < length(name); i++) {
+        for(i = 0; i < length(name); i++)
           MEM[buf_addr + bytes_written + 19 + i] = ord(substr(name, i + 1, 1))
-        }
         MEM[buf_addr + bytes_written + 19 + length(name)] = 0
-        for (i = 19 + length(name) + 1; i < reclen; i++) {
+        for(i = 19 + length(name) + 1; i < reclen; i++)
           MEM[buf_addr + bytes_written + i] = 0
-        }
         bytes_written += reclen
         idx++
       }
       FD_OFFSET[fd] = idx
       setreg(10, bytes_written)
     }
-    
-  } else if (callnum == 62) { # sys_lseek
+  } else if(callnum == 62) { # sys_lseek
     fd = a0
-    if (fd >= 3 && (fd in FD_PATH) && !(fd in FD_DIRENT_COUNT)) {
+    if(fd >= 3 && (fd in FD_PATH) && !(fd in FD_DIRENT_COUNT)) {
       idx = FD_OFFSET[fd]
       size = FD_SIZE[fd]
-      if (a2 == 0) idx = a1 # SEEK_SET
-      else if (a2 == 1) idx = idx + a1 # SEEK_CUR
-      else if (a2 == 2) idx = size + a1 # SEEK_END
+      if(a2 == 0) idx = a1 # SEEK_SET
+      else if(a2 == 1) idx = idx + a1 # SEEK_CUR
+      else if(a2 == 2) idx = size + a1 # SEEK_END
       else {
         setreg(10, -22) # -EINVAL
         return
       }
-      if (idx < 0) {
-        setreg(10, -22) # -EINVAL
-      } else {
+      if(idx < 0) setreg(10, -22) # -EINVAL
+      else {
         FD_OFFSET[fd] = idx
         setreg(10, idx)
       }
-    } else {
-      setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
-    }
-    
-  } else if (callnum == 63) { # sys_read
+    } else setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
+  } else if(callnum == 63) { # sys_read
     fd = a0
-    if (fd == 0) {
+    if(fd == 0) {
       getline buf < "/dev/tty"
-      l = length(buf); if (l > a2) l = a2
-      for (i = 0; i < l; i++) MEM[uint32(a1 + i)] = ord(substr(buf, i + 1, 1))
+      l = length(buf); if(l > a2) l = a2
+      for(i = 0; i < l; i++) MEM[uint32(a1 + i)] = ord(substr(buf, i + 1, 1))
       setreg(10, l)
-    } else if (fd >= 3 && (fd in FD_PATH) && !(fd in FD_DIRENT_COUNT)) {
+    } else if(fd >= 3 && (fd in FD_PATH) && !(fd in FD_DIRENT_COUNT)) {
       idx = FD_OFFSET[fd]
       size = FD_SIZE[fd]
       count = a2
-      if (idx >= size) {
-        setreg(10, 0)
-      } else {
-        if (idx + count > size) count = size - idx
-        for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      if(idx >= size) setreg(10, 0)
+      else {
+        if(idx + count > size) count = size - idx
+        for(i = 0; i < count; i++)
           MEM[uint32(a1 + i)] = FD_DATA[fd, idx + i]
-        }
         FD_OFFSET[fd] = idx + count
         setreg(10, count)
       }
-    } else {
-      setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
-    }
-    
-  } else if (callnum == 64) { # sys_write
+    } else setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
+  } else if(callnum == 64) { # sys_write
     fd = a0
-    if (fd == 1 || fd == 2) {
-      for (i = 0; i < a2; i++) printf("%c", MEM[uint32(a1 + i)])
+    if(fd == 1 || fd == 2) {
+      for(i = 0; i < a2; i++) printf("%c", MEM[uint32(a1 + i)])
       setreg(10, a2)
-    } else if (fd >= 3 && (fd in FD_PATH) && !(fd in FD_DIRENT_COUNT)) {
+    } else if(fd >= 3 && (fd in FD_PATH) && !(fd in FD_DIRENT_COUNT)) {
       idx = FD_OFFSET[fd]
       count = a2
-      if (bw_and(FD_FLAGS[fd], 1024)) { # O_APPEND (0x400)
-        idx = FD_SIZE[fd]
-      }
-      for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      if(bw_and(FD_FLAGS[fd], 1024)) idx = FD_SIZE[fd] # O_APPEND (0x400)
+      for(i = 0; i < count; i++)
         FD_DATA[fd, idx + i] = MEM[uint32(a1 + i)]
-      }
       FD_OFFSET[fd] = idx + count
-      if (FD_OFFSET[fd] > FD_SIZE[fd]) {
-        FD_SIZE[fd] = FD_OFFSET[fd]
-      }
+      if(FD_OFFSET[fd] > FD_SIZE[fd]) FD_SIZE[fd] = FD_OFFSET[fd]
       FD_DIRTY[fd] = 1
       setreg(10, count)
-    } else {
-      setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
-    }
-    
-  } else if (callnum == 78) { # sys_readlinkat
+    } else setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
+  } else if(callnum == 78) { # sys_readlinkat
     path = resolve_path(a0, read_str(a1))
     cmd = "readlink " qquote(path)
-    if ((cmd | getline line) > 0) {
+    if((cmd | getline line) > 0) {
       close(cmd)
       l = length(line)
-      if (l > a3) l = a3
-      for (i = 0; i < l; i++) {
+      if(l > a3) l = a3
+      for(i = 0; i < l; i++)
         MEM[uint32(a2 + i)] = ord(substr(line, i + 1, 1))
-      }
       setreg(10, l)
     } else {
       close(cmd)
       setreg(10, -22) # -EINVAL
     }
-    
-  } else if (callnum == 79) { # sys_newfstatat
+  } else if(callnum == 79) { # sys_newfstatat
     pathname = read_str(a1)
     flags = a3
-    if (pathname == "" && bw_and(flags, 4096)) { # AT_EMPTY_PATH
-      if (a0 == -100) path = "."
-      else if (a0 in FD_PATH) path = FD_PATH[a0]
+    if(pathname == "" && bw_and(flags, 4096)) { # AT_EMPTY_PATH
+      if(a0 == -100) path = "."
+      else if(a0 in FD_PATH) path = FD_PATH[a0]
       else {
         setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
         return
       }
-    } else {
-      path = resolve_path(a0, pathname)
-    }
+    } else path = resolve_path(a0, pathname)
     follow = (bw_and(flags, 256) == 0) # follow link if AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW (0x100) is NOT set
     status = fill_stat_struct(path, a2, follow)
-    setreg(10, status)
-    
-  } else if (callnum == 80) { # sys_fstat
+    setreg(10, status)    
+  } else if(callnum == 80) { # sys_fstat
     fd = a0
-    if (fd == 0) path = "/dev/stdin"
-    else if (fd == 1) path = "/dev/stdout"
-    else if (fd == 2) path = "/dev/stderr"
-    else if (fd >= 3 && (fd in FD_PATH)) path = FD_PATH[fd]
+    if(fd == 0) path = "/dev/stdin"
+    else if(fd == 1) path = "/dev/stdout"
+    else if(fd == 2) path = "/dev/stderr"
+    else if(fd >= 3 && (fd in FD_PATH)) path = FD_PATH[fd]
     else {
       setreg(10, -9) # -EBADF
       return
     }
     status = fill_stat_struct(path, a1, 1)
     setreg(10, status)
-    
-  } else if (callnum == 93 || callnum == 94) { # sys_exit / sys_exit_group
+  } else if(callnum == 93 || callnum == 94) { # sys_exit / sys_exit_group
     amach_exit(a0)
-    
-  } else if (callnum == 113 || callnum == 403) { # sys_clock_gettime / sys_clock_gettime64
+  } else if(callnum == 113 || callnum == 403) { # sys_clock_gettime / sys_clock_gettime64
     get_system_time(now_time)
-    if (callnum == 113) {
+    if(callnum == 113) {
       write_mem(a1, now_time["sec"], 4)
       write_mem(a1 + 4, now_time["nsec"], 4)
     } else {
@@ -537,24 +461,18 @@ function handle_ecall(callnum, a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5,  i, l, buf, path, pathnam
       write_mem(a1 + 8, now_time["nsec"], 4)
     }
     setreg(10, 0)
-    
-  } else if (callnum == 169) { # sys_gettimeofday
+  } else if(callnum == 169) { # sys_gettimeofday
     get_system_time(now_time)
     write_mem(a0, now_time["sec"], 4)
     write_mem(a0 + 4, int(now_time["nsec"] / 1000), 4)
     setreg(10, 0)
-    
-  } else if (callnum == 278) { # sys_getrandom
+  } else if(callnum == 278) { # sys_getrandom
     buf_addr = a0
     buflen = a1
-    for (i = 0; i < buflen; i++) {
+    for(i = 0; i < buflen; i++)
       MEM[uint32(buf_addr + i)] = int(rand() * 256)
-    }
     setreg(10, buflen)
-    
-  } else {
-    trapout(sprintf("Unimplemented environment call %d at 0x%X", callnum, pc - 4))
-  }
+  } else trapout(sprintf("Unimplemented environment call %d at 0x%X", callnum, pc - 4))
 }
 
 # instruction type executors
@@ -861,9 +779,5 @@ END {
       instr += 65536 * MEM[pc++] + 16777216 * MEM[pc++]
     amach_exec(instr) # decode and execute
   }
-  for(fd in FD_PATH) {
-    if(FD_DIRTY[fd]) {
-      write_fd_to_file(fd)
-    }
-  }
+  for(fd in FD_PATH) if(FD_DIRTY[fd]) write_fd_to_file(fd)
 }
diff --git a/rv32imac_syscall_tests.bin b/rv32imac_syscall_tests.bin
deleted file mode 100755
index 2488bbb..0000000
Binary files a/rv32imac_syscall_tests.bin and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/rv32imac_syscall_tests.s b/rv32imac_syscall_tests.s
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c770e69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rv32imac_syscall_tests.s
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+.section .text
+.option norvc
+.global _start
+
+# Helper macro to exit with code if condition fails
+# Example: ASSERT_EQ a0, 0, 4 (if a0 != 0, exit with code 4)
+.macro ASSERT_EQ reg, val, error_code
+  li t4, \val
+  beq \reg, t4, .L_ok_\@
+  li a0, \error_code
+  li a7, 93
+  ecall
+.L_ok_\@:
+.endm
+
+# Helper macro to exit with code if registers are not equal
+.macro ASSERT_REG_EQ reg1, reg2, error_code
+  beq \reg1, \reg2, .L_ok_reg_\@
+  li a0, \error_code
+  li a7, 93
+  ecall
+.L_ok_reg_\@:
+.endm
+
+# Helper macro to exit with code if a register is negative
+.macro ASSERT_GEZ reg, error_code
+  bgez \reg, .L_ok_gez_\@
+  li a0, \error_code
+  li a7, 93
+  ecall
+.L_ok_gez_\@:
+.endm
+
+_start:
+  # 1. Write welcome message to stdout
+  li a7, 64       # sys_write
+  li a0, 1        # stdout
+  la a1, msg_welcome
+  li a2, 29       # welcome message length
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 29, 1
+
+  # 2. Test clock_gettime
+  li a7, 113      # sys_clock_gettime
+  li a0, 0        # CLOCK_REALTIME
+  la a1, timespec_buf
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 0, 2
+  # verify we wrote something non-zero to seconds
+  lw t0, timespec_buf
+  ASSERT_GEZ t0, 3
+
+  # 3. Test gettimeofday
+  li a7, 169      # sys_gettimeofday
+  la a0, timeval_buf
+  li a1, 0        # NULL timezone
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 0, 4
+  lw t0, timeval_buf
+  ASSERT_GEZ t0, 5
+
+  # 4. Test openat to create file
+  li a7, 56       # sys_openat
+  li a0, -100     # AT_FDCWD
+  la a1, file_name
+  li a2, 577      # O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC (64 | 1 | 512 = 577)
+  li a3, 0644     # permissions
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_GEZ a0, 6
+  mv s2, a0       # save fd in s2
+
+  # 5. Write to the new file
+  li a7, 64       # sys_write
+  mv a0, s2       # fd
+  la a1, msg_to_file
+  li a2, 29       # length
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 29, 7
+
+  # 6. Close the file
+  li a7, 57       # sys_close
+  mv a0, s2       # fd
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 0, 8
+
+  # 7. Open file O_RDONLY
+  li a7, 56       # sys_openat
+  li a0, -100     # AT_FDCWD
+  la a1, file_name
+  li a2, 0        # O_RDONLY
+  li a3, 0
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_GEZ a0, 9
+  mv s2, a0       # save fd in s2
+
+  # 7b. Test fstat
+  li a7, 80       # sys_fstat
+  mv a0, s2       # fd
+  la a1, stat_buf
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 0, 20
+  lw t0, stat_buf + 48
+  ASSERT_EQ t0, 29, 21
+
+  # 7c. Test newfstatat
+  li a7, 79       # sys_newfstatat
+  li a0, -100     # AT_FDCWD
+  la a1, file_name
+  la a2, stat_buf
+  li a3, 0        # flags
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 0, 22
+  lw t0, stat_buf + 48
+  ASSERT_EQ t0, 29, 23
+
+
+  # 8. Read from the file
+  li a7, 63       # sys_read
+  mv a0, s2       # fd
+  la a1, read_buf
+  li a2, 50       # buffer size
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 29, 10 # should read 29 bytes
+
+  # verify read content matches
+  la t0, msg_to_file
+  la t1, read_buf
+  li t2, 0        # index
+.L_loop:
+  add t3, t0, t2
+  lb t3, 0(t3)
+  add t5, t1, t2
+  lb t5, 0(t5)
+  ASSERT_REG_EQ t3, t5, 11
+  addi t2, t2, 1
+  li t6, 29
+  blt t2, t6, .L_loop
+
+  # 9. Close the file
+  li a7, 57       # sys_close
+  mv a0, s2       # fd
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 0, 12
+
+  # 9b. Test renameat (rename test_output.txt to test_output_new.txt)
+  li a7, 38       # sys_renameat
+  li a0, -100     # AT_FDCWD
+  la a1, file_name
+  li a2, -100     # AT_FDCWD
+  la a3, file_name_new
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 0, 24
+
+  # 9c. Verify renamed file can be opened O_RDONLY
+  li a7, 56       # sys_openat
+  li a0, -100     # AT_FDCWD
+  la a1, file_name_new
+  li a2, 0        # O_RDONLY
+  li a3, 0
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_GEZ a0, 25
+  mv s3, a0
+
+  # 9d. Close renamed file
+  li a7, 57       # sys_close
+  mv a0, s3
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 0, 26
+
+
+  # 10. Test mkdirat
+  li a7, 34       # sys_mkdirat
+  li a0, -100     # AT_FDCWD
+  la a1, dir_name
+  li a2, 0755
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 0, 13
+
+  # 11. Open directory fd
+  li a7, 56       # sys_openat
+  li a0, -100     # AT_FDCWD
+  la a1, dir_name
+  li a2, 0        # O_RDONLY
+  li a3, 0
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_GEZ a0, 14
+  mv s2, a0       # save fd in s2
+
+  # 12. Test getdents64
+  li a7, 61       # sys_getdents64
+  mv a0, s2       # fd
+  la a1, dirents_buf
+  li a2, 512      # buffer size
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_GEZ a0, 15
+
+  # 13. Close directory fd
+  li a7, 57       # sys_close
+  mv a0, s2       # fd
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 0, 16
+
+  # 13b. Test readlinkat
+  li a7, 78       # sys_readlinkat
+  li a0, -100     # AT_FDCWD
+  la a1, link_name
+  la a2, read_buf
+  li a3, 50       # buffer size
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 19, 27
+  
+  # verify symlink target string
+  la t0, file_name_new
+  la t1, read_buf
+  li t2, 0
+.L_loop_link:
+  add t3, t0, t2
+  lb t3, 0(t3)
+  add t5, t1, t2
+  lb t5, 0(t5)
+  ASSERT_REG_EQ t3, t5, 28
+  addi t2, t2, 1
+  li t6, 19
+  blt t2, t6, .L_loop_link
+
+  # 14. Test unlinkat for renamed file
+  li a7, 35       # sys_unlinkat
+  li a0, -100     # AT_FDCWD
+  la a1, file_name_new
+  li a2, 0
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 0, 17
+
+  # 14b. Test unlinkat for symlink
+  li a7, 35       # sys_unlinkat
+  li a0, -100     # AT_FDCWD
+  la a1, link_name
+  li a2, 0
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 0, 29
+
+  # 15. Test unlinkat with AT_REMOVEDIR for directory
+  li a7, 35       # sys_unlinkat
+  li a0, -100     # AT_FDCWD
+  la a1, dir_name
+  li a2, 512      # AT_REMOVEDIR
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 0, 18
+
+
+  # 15b. Test getrandom
+  li a7, 278      # sys_getrandom
+  la a0, random_buf
+  li a1, 16       # 16 bytes
+  li a2, 0        # no flags
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 16, 185
+
+  # 16. Write success message
+  li a7, 64       # sys_write
+  li a0, 1        # stdout
+  la a1, msg_success
+  li a2, 33       # success message length
+  ecall
+  ASSERT_EQ a0, 33, 19
+
+  # 17. Exit with 0
+  li a7, 93       # sys_exit
+  li a0, 0        # status 0
+  ecall
+
+.section .rodata
+msg_welcome:
+  .string "Running Syscall Verification\n"
+msg_to_file:
+  .string "Hello from RISC-V A-Machine!\n"
+msg_success:
+  .string "All Extended Syscall Tests PASS!\n"
+file_name:
+  .string "test_output.txt"
+file_name_new:
+  .string "test_output_new.txt"
+link_name:
+  .string "test_link.txt"
+dir_name:
+  .string "test_dir"
+
+.section .bss
+.align 4
+timespec_buf:
+  .space 16
+timeval_buf:
+  .space 8
+read_buf:
+  .space 64
+dirents_buf:
+  .space 512
+random_buf:
+  .space 16
+stat_buf:
+  .space 104
+
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